CHEMISTRY ..        National curriculum 

1.Classifying materials

atomic structure

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a that solids, liquids and gases are all composed of particles;

b that atoms consist of nuclei and electrons;

c the charges and relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons;

d about mass number, atomic number and isotopes;

e about a model of the way electrons are arranged in atoms;

f that the reactions of elements depend upon the arrangement of electrons in their atoms;

bonding

g that new substances are formed when atoms combine;

h that chemical bonding can be explained in terms of the transfer or sharing of electrons;

i how ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons;

j that ionic lattices are held together by the attraction between oppositely charged ions;

k that covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons;

l that substances with covalent bonds may form simple molecular structures or giant structures;

m the physical properties of some substances with giant structures and some with simple molecular structures.

2. Changing materials

useful products from oil

a how oil deposits are formed;

b that crude oil is a mixture of substances, most of which are hydrocarbons, which can be separated by fractional distillation;

c the use as fuels of some of the products from crude oil distillation;

d the products of burning hydrocarbons;

e that there are different groups of hydrocarbons;

f that alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, and alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one double covalent bond between carbon atoms;

g that hydrocarbon molecules can be cracked to form smaller molecules, including alkenes;

h that addition polymers can be made from alkenes formed during cracking;

i some uses of addition polymers;

useful products from metal ores and rocks

j that metal ores are found in the Earth;

k that the way in which a particular metal is extracted from its ores is related to its reactivity;

l an example of how a reactive metal can be extracted by electrolysis;

m an example of how a less reactive metal can be extracted by reduction with carbon or carbon monoxide;

n an example of how a metal can be purified by electrolysis;

o that a variety of useful substances can be made from rocks and minerals;

useful products from air

p how nitrogen can be converted to ammonia in industry;

q how nitrogenous fertilisers are manufactured, and their effects on plant growth and the environment;

representing reactions

r to represent chemical reactions by word equations;

s to represent reactions, including electrolytic reactions, by balanced equations using chemical symbols;

quantitative chemistry

t to use chemical equations to predict reacting quantities;

u to determine the formulae of simple compounds from reacting masses;

changes to the atmosphere

v how the atmosphere and oceans evolved to their present composition;

w how the carbon cycle helps to maintain atmospheric composition;

geological changes

x how igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks by the deposition and consolidation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks by the action of heat and pressure on existing rocks;

y how the sequence of, and evidence for, these processes is obtained from the rock record;

z how plate tectonic processes are involved in the formation, deformation and recycling of rocks.

3. Patterns of behaviour

the periodic table

a that the periodic table shows all elements, arranged in order of ascending atomic number;

b the connection between the arrangement of outer electrons and the position of an element in the periodic table;

c that elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar properties;

d that there is a gradual change in the properties of the elements from the top to the bottom of a group;

e the properties and uses of the noble gases;

f the properties and reactions of the alkali metals;

g the properties, reactions and uses of simple compounds of the alkali metals;

h the properties, reactions and uses of the halogens;

i the properties, reactions and uses of simple compounds of the halogens;

j similarities between transition metals and characteristic properties of their compounds;

k some uses of transition metals;

rates of reactions

l that there is great variation in the rates at which different reactions take place;

m how the rates of reactions can be altered by varying temperature or concentration, or by changing the surface area of a solid reactant, or by adding a catalyst;

n that reactions can occur when particles collide;

o that the rates of many reactions can be increased by increasing the frequency or energy of collisions between particles;

reactions involving enzymes

p how the rates of enzyme-catalysed reactions vary with temperature;

q the use of enzymes in the baking, brewing and dairy industries;

reversible reactions

r that some reactions are reversible;

s how the yield of products from reversible reactions depends on the conditions;

t that some manufacturing processes are based on reversible reactions;

energy transfer in reactions

u that changes of temperature often accompany reactions;

v that reactions can be exothermic or endothermic;

w that making and breaking chemical bonds in chemical reactions involves energy transfers.